摘要 ⁸

苦菜（学名：Sonchus oleraceus），又名苦苣菜、滇苦荬菜、苦滇菜，为菊科苦苣菜属的植物。原產於歐洲和西亞，後來擴散到全球，生长于海拔170米至3,200米的地区，多生长在林下、山坡、平地田间、空旷处、山谷林缘或近水处。它在世界很多地區屬於入侵物種。

Fontes e Créditos

1. (c) Phil Sellens, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), http://www.flickr.com/photos/33303746@N07/3535847370
2. (c) Sam Thomas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/sjthomasbotany/19655660660/
3. (c) Mr & Mrs Apteryx australis, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/dakluza/23229860351/
4. (c) Julie (thanks for 9 million views), alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/juliek1967/44321397022/
5. (c) Mauricio Mercadante, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/mercadanteweb/32882859537/
6. (c) Mauricio Mercadante, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/mercadanteweb/33949342828/
7. (c) Forest and Kim Starr, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24958628082/
8. (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus_oleraceus

Mais informações

• BioDiversity4All taxon page
• African Plants - a photo guide
• Atlas of Living Australia
• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• BOLD Systems BIN search
• Calflora
• CalPhotos
• Catalogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
• eFloras.org
• Flora Digital de Portugal
• Flora of North America (beta)
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
• Go Botany
• HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
• IPNI (with links to POWO, WFO, and BHL)
• Jepson eFlora
• Maryland Biodiversity Project
• NatureServe Explorer 2.0
• NBN Atlas
• New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
• OregonFlora.org
• SEINet Symbiota portals
• Tropicos
• USDA PLANTS database
• VASCAN by Canadensys
• World Flora Online
• 日本のレッドデータ検索システム
• 植物和名−学名インデックス YList

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