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Green Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Summary 64

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in Europe from Spain to Russia.

Description 65

Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a medium-sized deciduoustree reaching 12–25 m (39–82 ft) (rarely to 45 m or 148 ft) tall with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) in diameter. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age. The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. The leaves are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, pinnately compound with seven to nine (occasionally five or eleven) leaflets, these 5–15 cm (2–6 in) (rarely 18 cm or 7 in) long and 1.2–9 cm (1⁄2–3 9⁄16 in) broad, with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. They are green both above and below. The autumn color is golden-yellow and depending on the climate, Green Ash's leaves may begin changing color the first week of September.

It is sometimes divided into two varieties, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica (red ash) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (syn. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.; green ash) on the basis of the hairless leaves with narrower leaflets of the latter, but the two intergrade completely, and the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists.

Description 65

Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a medium-sized deciduoustree reaching 12–25 m (39–82 ft) (rarely to 45 m or 148 ft) tall with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) in diameter. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age. The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. The leaves are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, pinnately compound with seven to nine (occasionally five or eleven) leaflets, these 5–15 cm (2–6 in) (rarely 18 cm or 7 in) long and 1.2–9 cm (1⁄2–3 9⁄16 in) broad, with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. They are green both above and below. The autumn color is golden-yellow and depending on the climate, Green Ash's leaves may begin changing color the first week of September.

It is sometimes divided into two varieties, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica (red ash) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (syn. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.; green ash) on the basis of the hairless leaves with narrower leaflets of the latter, but the two intergrade completely, and the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists.

Ecology 65

It is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes, although its range centers on the midwestern U.S. and Great Plains. The natural habitat of green ash is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife.

Green ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced accidentally from Asia. Asian ashes have a high tannin content in their leaves which makes them unpalatable to the beetle, while most American species (with the notable exception of blue ash) do not. A common garden experiment showed that green ash is killed readily when exposed to emerald ash borer, while the Asian species F. mandschurica shows resistance against emerald ash borer. The United States Forest Service has discovered small numbers of green ash in the wild that have remained healthy after emerald ash borer swept through the population. The possibility of these trees possessing genetic resistance to the beetle is currently being investigated with the hope that green ash could be restored using the surviving trees.

The spread of emerald ash borer was facilitated by the extensive use of green ash as an ornamental tree in the central U.S. following the loss of American elms in the 1950s–60s due to Dutch elm disease. That epidemic was the result of a similar overuse of elms in urban environments, leading to a monoculture that lacked any disease or pest resistance. Scientifically for green ash this is because modern cultivars utilized regionally were parented from sometimes only four individual trees selected for unique traits and male seedless flowering. Proclaiming a harsh lesson learned, cities like Chicago did not replace dead elms with a 1:1 ash:elm ratio. Instead, Norway, silver, red and sugar maples, honey locust, linden/basswood, redbud, crabapples, and hackberry, among others, were also utilized during this recovery period and in new urban and suburban areas. Fortunately, with these additional species, many cities were able to reduce the percent of ash and other species to much lower levels (20% average) than during the Dutch elm disease era where from 56% to 100% of the trees were elm.

Injections and spraying of ashes with pesticides has been used in city parks to protect valued trees from emerald ash borer.

Record cold temperatures during the winter of 2018–19 are estimated to have killed as much as 80% of ash borer larva in the Upper Midwest.

Both American elm and green ash were extremely popular due to rapid growth and tolerance of urban pollution and road salt, so many housing developments in Michigan were lined from end to end with ashes, a result of which the beetles had an enormous food supply to boost their population well above Infestation thresholds. The tree was also extensively propagated and sold by local nurseries. According to the American Nursery Industry, "Back in the late 1980s, Dr. Frank Santamour Jr., then a research geneticist with the U.S. National Arboretum, proposed the 10-20-30 formula for diversity in the urban forest, limiting the plantings in a community to no more than 10 percent within a single species, 20 percent within a genus and 30 percent within a family." Many communities are using a more strict 5-10-20 rule today, because of the threat posed by emerald ash borer.

The emerald ash borer proved to be a far worse and potentially more serious threat than epidemics of the past such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease because those diseases spread at a slower rate, only affected one species, and did not kill the trees before they could attain reproductive maturity. Many areas have banned the sale of ash seedlings in nurseries, although seeds may be sold as they are not a vector for the insect.

Green ash is also vulnerable to many other diseases including ash yellows and dieback that can cause gradual loss of vigor and exhibit similar symptoms to emerald ash borer infestation such as crown dieback, bark cracking, and epicormal sprouts. These conditions are most common on stressed trees in areas of poor soil, urban pollution, and lack of moisture. A wave of ash dieback struck the northeastern United States in the 1950s–60s that killed an estimated 70% of ashes in the region.

Ecology 65

It is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes, although its range centers on the midwestern U.S. and Great Plains. The natural habitat of green ash is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife.

Green ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced accidentally from Asia. Asian ashes have a high tannin content in their leaves which makes them unpalatable to the beetle, while most American species (with the notable exception of blue ash) do not. A common garden experiment showed that green ash is killed readily when exposed to emerald ash borer, while the Asian species F. mandschurica shows resistance against emerald ash borer. The United States Forest Service has discovered small numbers of green ash in the wild that have remained healthy after emerald ash borer swept through the population. The possibility of these trees possessing genetic resistance to the beetle is currently being investigated with the hope that green ash could be restored using the surviving trees.

The spread of emerald ash borer was facilitated by the extensive use of green ash as an ornamental tree in the central U.S. following the loss of American elms in the 1950s–60s due to Dutch elm disease. That epidemic was the result of a similar overuse of elms in urban environments, leading to a monoculture that lacked any disease or pest resistance. Scientifically for green ash this is because modern cultivars utilized regionally were parented from sometimes only four individual trees selected for unique traits and male seedless flowering. Proclaiming a harsh lesson learned, cities like Chicago did not replace dead elms with a 1:1 ash:elm ratio. Instead, Norway, silver, red and sugar maples, honey locust, linden/basswood, redbud, crabapples, and hackberry, among others, were also utilized during this recovery period and in new urban and suburban areas. Fortunately, with these additional species, many cities were able to reduce the percent of ash and other species to much lower levels (20% average) than during the Dutch elm disease era where from 56% to 100% of the trees were elm.

Injections and spraying of ashes with pesticides has been used in city parks to protect valued trees from emerald ash borer.

Record cold temperatures during the winter of 2018–19 are estimated to have killed as much as 80% of ash borer larva in the Upper Midwest.

Both American elm and green ash were extremely popular due to rapid growth and tolerance of urban pollution and road salt, so many housing developments in Michigan were lined from end to end with ashes, a result of which the beetles had an enormous food supply to boost their population well above Infestation thresholds. The tree was also extensively propagated and sold by local nurseries. According to the American Nursery Industry, "Back in the late 1980s, Dr. Frank Santamour Jr., then a research geneticist with the U.S. National Arboretum, proposed the 10-20-30 formula for diversity in the urban forest, limiting the plantings in a community to no more than 10 percent within a single species, 20 percent within a genus and 30 percent within a family." Many communities are using a more strict 5-10-20 rule today, because of the threat posed by emerald ash borer.

The emerald ash borer proved to be a far worse and potentially more serious threat than epidemics of the past such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease because those diseases spread at a slower rate, only affected one species, and did not kill the trees before they could attain reproductive maturity. Many areas have banned the sale of ash seedlings in nurseries, although seeds may be sold as they are not a vector for the insect.

Green ash is also vulnerable to many other diseases including ash yellows and dieback that can cause gradual loss of vigor and exhibit similar symptoms to emerald ash borer infestation such as crown dieback, bark cracking, and epicormal sprouts. These conditions are most common on stressed trees in areas of poor soil, urban pollution, and lack of moisture. A wave of ash dieback struck the northeastern United States in the 1950s–60s that killed an estimated 70% of ashes in the region.

Other uses 65

Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone.[dubious – discuss] It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players.[dubious – discuss]Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.

Other uses 65

Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone.[dubious – discuss] It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players.[dubious – discuss]Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.

Summary 65

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in Europe from Spain to Russia.

Summary 65

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in Europe from Spain to Russia.

Urban ornamental trees 65

Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta are green ash.

For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.

Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.

Urban ornamental trees 65

Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta are green ash.

For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.

Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.

Usefulness to wildlife 65

North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.

Usefulness to wildlife 65

North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.

Uses 65

Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta are green ash.

For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.

Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.

North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.

Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone.[dubious – discuss] It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players.[dubious – discuss]Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.

Uses 65

Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta are green ash.

For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.

Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.

North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.

Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone.[dubious – discuss] It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players.[dubious – discuss]Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.

66

Nom français: Frêne rouge, frêne de Pennsylvanie

66

Nom français: Frêne rouge, frêne de Pennsylvanie

Bark 67

Greyish-brown, furrowed into soft scaly ridges, a diamond pattern in mature bark.

Bark 67

Greyish-brown, furrowed into soft scaly ridges, a diamond pattern in mature bark.

Characteristics 68

Common name: Green Ash
Pronunciation: FRAKS-i-nus pen-sil-VAN-i-ka

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=48
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape, entire leaf is 6 to 9 inches long, green above and glabrous to silky-pubescent below.
Flower: Species is dioecious; light green to purplish, both sexes lacking petals, females occuring in loose panicles, males in tighter clusters, appear after the leaves unfold.
Fruit: A single-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin seed cavity, maturing in autumn and dispersing over winter.
Twig: Stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety; leaf scars are semicircular to flat across the top, with lateral buds sitting on top of leaf scar (not down in a in notch as with white ash).
Bark: Ashy gray to brown in color, with interlacing corky ridges forming obvious diamonds; older trees may be somewhat scaly.
Form: A medium sized tree to 70 feet tall with a poorly formed bole and an irregular to round crown.
Looks like: white ash - black ash - Carolina ash - pumpkin ash

Characteristics 68

Common name: Green Ash
Pronunciation: FRAKS-i-nus pen-sil-VAN-i-ka

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=48
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape, entire leaf is 6 to 9 inches long, green above and glabrous to silky-pubescent below.
Flower: Species is dioecious; light green to purplish, both sexes lacking petals, females occuring in loose panicles, males in tighter clusters, appear after the leaves unfold.
Fruit: A single-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin seed cavity, maturing in autumn and dispersing over winter.
Twig: Stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety; leaf scars are semicircular to flat across the top, with lateral buds sitting on top of leaf scar (not down in a in notch as with white ash).
Bark: Ashy gray to brown in color, with interlacing corky ridges forming obvious diamonds; older trees may be somewhat scaly.
Form: A medium sized tree to 70 feet tall with a poorly formed bole and an irregular to round crown.
Looks like: white ash - black ash - Carolina ash - pumpkin ash

Description 66

Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12–25 m. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age (which forms hexagonal patterns that looks like diamonds I find). The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. Leaves are 15–30 cm long, pinnately compound with seven to nine leaflets with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. The downy petioles and twigs is a good way to tell this species appart from the white, black and green ashes. It's fruits are elongated 3-6cm samaras held in compact panicles and typically produced in June.

Description 66

Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12–25 m. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age (which forms hexagonal patterns that looks like diamonds I find). The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. Leaves are 15–30 cm long, pinnately compound with seven to nine leaflets with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. The downy petioles and twigs is a good way to tell this species appart from the white, black and green ashes. It's fruits are elongated 3-6cm samaras held in compact panicles and typically produced in June.

Description 69

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 69

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 70

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 70

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 71

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 71

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 72

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 72

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 73

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 73

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 74

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 74

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 75

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description 75

• Shape: Tree
• Leaf/Branch Arrangement: Opposite
• Flower: Green/brown bead-like rounded cluster
• Leaves: pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, 5-9 pointed oval leaflets, leaflets 2½-5 inches long and 1-1¾ inches wide, very short winged stalk, finely toothed edges
• Bark: grey, diamond patterned furrows
• Fruit/Seed: single winged seed, 1-1 ¾ inch long
• Height: 50-110 feet
• Flowering: May - June
• Habitat: forests, floodplains, old fields and field edges

Description (From OSU site) 68

https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/fraxinus-pennsylvanica

Broadleaf deciduous tree, 50-60 ft tall × 40 ft wide, (15-18 m × 14 m), pyramidal in youth, developing a spreading habit at maturity. Leaves to about 30 cm long, opposite, pinnately compound, 5-9 (usually 7) leaflets, each leaflet 10-15 cm long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, margin crenate-serrate (mix of blunt and sharp teeth) or entire, dark green above, essentially glabrous above and pubescent below (sometimes only on major veins); fall color yellow, golden, or bronzy. Leaf scars are semicircular, sometimes with a slight notch in upper line, bud generally above the scar. Flowers dioecious, i.e., male and female trees, appearing as leaves unfold, in compact clusters, male (staminate, pollen) flowers green and purple, female (pistilate, seed) flowers greenish. Fruit (samara) is 2.5-5 cm long and about 0.5 cm wide, the wing extends about halfway down the fruit.

At one time Fraxinus pennsylvanica was known as the Red Ash and F. p. var. laceolata was called the Green Ash. (The Green Ash is sometimes named F. p. var. subintegerrima.) In his Manual of the Trees of North America (1949), C. S. Sargent points out that in the east the glabrous leaves and glabrous branchlets of the Green Ash appear distinct from the Red Ash. But more westward there is a slight pubescence on the leaves and branchlets, making it impossible to distinguish between the two. He states that the fall color of Red Ash foliage is yellow or rusty brown, others call it yellowish-brown. Most authorities now lump these two types of ash into a single species, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, with a the common name of Green Ash (Dirr, 1998).

Description (From OSU site) 68

https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/fraxinus-pennsylvanica

Broadleaf deciduous tree, 50-60 ft tall × 40 ft wide, (15-18 m × 14 m), pyramidal in youth, developing a spreading habit at maturity. Leaves to about 30 cm long, opposite, pinnately compound, 5-9 (usually 7) leaflets, each leaflet 10-15 cm long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, margin crenate-serrate (mix of blunt and sharp teeth) or entire, dark green above, essentially glabrous above and pubescent below (sometimes only on major veins); fall color yellow, golden, or bronzy. Leaf scars are semicircular, sometimes with a slight notch in upper line, bud generally above the scar. Flowers dioecious, i.e., male and female trees, appearing as leaves unfold, in compact clusters, male (staminate, pollen) flowers green and purple, female (pistilate, seed) flowers greenish. Fruit (samara) is 2.5-5 cm long and about 0.5 cm wide, the wing extends about halfway down the fruit.

At one time Fraxinus pennsylvanica was known as the Red Ash and F. p. var. laceolata was called the Green Ash. (The Green Ash is sometimes named F. p. var. subintegerrima.) In his Manual of the Trees of North America (1949), C. S. Sargent points out that in the east the glabrous leaves and glabrous branchlets of the Green Ash appear distinct from the Red Ash. But more westward there is a slight pubescence on the leaves and branchlets, making it impossible to distinguish between the two. He states that the fall color of Red Ash foliage is yellow or rusty brown, others call it yellowish-brown. Most authorities now lump these two types of ash into a single species, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, with a the common name of Green Ash (Dirr, 1998).

Easy identifiers 67

One way that you can identify a Green Ash from a black ash is by looking at the leaflets of each, Green Ash leaflets have a stem where black ash leaflets do not have a stem. Green Ash trees also have a noticeable diamond pattern in their mature bark.

Easy identifiers 67

One way that you can identify a Green Ash from a black ash is by looking at the leaflets of each, Green Ash leaflets have a stem where black ash leaflets do not have a stem. Green Ash trees also have a noticeable diamond pattern in their mature bark.

Ecology 66

Found in Southern QC and almost all of eastern US, all the way down to Florida. It's natural habitat is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. It has also been widely planted in streets and park: green ash is the most common tree in Montreal. The extensive use of this species as an ornemental tree has facilitated the spread of the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced accidentally from Asia which represents a serious threat to ash trees in North America.

Ecology 66

Found in Southern QC and almost all of eastern US, all the way down to Florida. It's natural habitat is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. It has also been widely planted in streets and park: green ash is the most common tree in Montreal. The extensive use of this species as an ornemental tree has facilitated the spread of the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced accidentally from Asia which represents a serious threat to ash trees in North America.

Flowers 67

Before or with leaves, small.

Flowers 67

Before or with leaves, small.

Form 67

Medium-to-large deciduous tree with slender trunk and spreading crown.

Form 67

Medium-to-large deciduous tree with slender trunk and spreading crown.

Fruit 67

Dry, single, with narrow elongated wing, 3 - 6 centimetres (1 - 1 3/4 inches) long, pointed at base.

Fruit 67

Dry, single, with narrow elongated wing, 3 - 6 centimetres (1 - 1 3/4 inches) long, pointed at base.

Fun facts 67

Different parts of Green Ash trees were used in indigenous medicine for a wide variety of things including using the inner bark in tea to induce vomiting to get rid of worms and stomach cramps. Now, Green Ash wood is a hardwood that is good for making tools, furniture, and baseball bats.

Fun facts 67

Different parts of Green Ash trees were used in indigenous medicine for a wide variety of things including using the inner bark in tea to induce vomiting to get rid of worms and stomach cramps. Now, Green Ash wood is a hardwood that is good for making tools, furniture, and baseball bats.

Green and White Ash Leaf Peel Comparison 68

http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/DigFlora/ASH/FRAXI-peels.html

Abaxial (lower) leaf surface peels (with clear fingernail polish) were made from numerous Fraxinus leaves as a possible method to distinguish between ash species

White ashes F. americana & F. albicans always showed a distinct network of ridges leading to papillae.
F. pennsylvanica (green ash), unlike F. americana (white ash), has irregularly shaped relatively thick–walled and rounded cells. It does not seem to have a glaucous* lower surface.

  • covered with a greyish, bluish, or whitish waxy coating or bloom that is easily rubbed off

Green and White Ash Leaf Peel Comparison 68

http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/DigFlora/ASH/FRAXI-peels.html

Abaxial (lower) leaf surface peels (with clear fingernail polish) were made from numerous Fraxinus leaves as a possible method to distinguish between ash species

White ashes F. americana & F. albicans always showed a distinct network of ridges leading to papillae.
F. pennsylvanica (green ash), unlike F. americana (white ash), has irregularly shaped relatively thick–walled and rounded cells. It does not seem to have a glaucous* lower surface.

  • covered with a greyish, bluish, or whitish waxy coating or bloom that is easily rubbed off

Green and White Ash Leaflet Comparison 68

http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/DigFlora/ASH/leaf.html

Keys do not seem to provide clearcut distinctions between species leaflet characteristics (overlap in descriptions, difficult to tell if lower surface really lighter/paler)

Lightness and paleness are apparently an attempt to simplify a subtle distinction that requires a bit more botanical sophistication. Guy Nesom, our Fraxinus expert, has provided a much clearer description (personal communication):

"The difference between the two species is striking and should be immediately obvious ... The lower surface of F. albicans is the same as that of F. americana, with a dense overlay of white-reticulate wax. That of F. pennsylvanica has nothing obscuring the epidermal cells."

In effect, comparing the upper & lower surface is pointless.

Green and White Ash Leaflet Comparison 68

http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/DigFlora/ASH/leaf.html

Keys do not seem to provide clearcut distinctions between species leaflet characteristics (overlap in descriptions, difficult to tell if lower surface really lighter/paler)

Lightness and paleness are apparently an attempt to simplify a subtle distinction that requires a bit more botanical sophistication. Guy Nesom, our Fraxinus expert, has provided a much clearer description (personal communication):

"The difference between the two species is striking and should be immediately obvious ... The lower surface of F. albicans is the same as that of F. americana, with a dense overlay of white-reticulate wax. That of F. pennsylvanica has nothing obscuring the epidermal cells."

In effect, comparing the upper & lower surface is pointless.

Identifying Trees: An All Season-Guide to Eastern North America (Michael D. Williams) 68

Also called: Red Ash, Swamp Ash, Water Ash
Size: medium to large tree; seldom matures larger than 60 ft in height and 18-24" in diam. at breast height in the north, but may grow twice that large in southern bottomlands.
Form: usually develops long, clean trunk and an oval to rounded top.
Buds: can often be ID-ed by the presence of large buds sitting on top of the leaf-stem junction.
Leaf scar: When leaves are missing, can be ID-ed by the flat-topped leaf scar with bud sitting just above it.
Twigs: smooth and hairless.
Bark: silver-gray; bark pattern quite variable, from a diamond-shaped, laced pattern with narrow, winding, flat-topped ridges and scalloped valleys to an alligator-back pattern of square, flat-topped plates that are separated vertically by deep cracks and horizontally by shallow cross cracks. Sometimes both bark patterns will be present on the same tree. The trees consistently have a cream-colored inner bark that is easily exposed by breaking off the surface bark. From a distance, the surface of the trunk on all but the largest Green Ash trees looks very tight and uniformly flat on top, regardless of the pattern displayed.
Leaves: opposite, compound, blue-green, 8-12" long
Leaflets: 3-7 leaflets per leaf; 2-5" long, with fine- or shallow-toothed edges.
Seeds: Single-winged seeds, with wing edges extending up the sides; grow in clusters; mature in fall
Features: Green Ash wood is harvested and sold as white ash on the commercial market. It is also widely planted as a shade tree and for reclamation in a wide variety of soils. Some taxonomists treat Green Ash and Red Ash as one species, calling Red Ash the hairy form of Green Ash.
Natural Range: Green Ash is a bottomland tree that grows naturally along river bottoms and in low, damp areas throughout the eastern US.

Identifying Trees: An All Season-Guide to Eastern North America (Michael D. Williams) 68

Also called: Red Ash, Swamp Ash, Water Ash
Size: medium to large tree; seldom matures larger than 60 ft in height and 18-24" in diam. at breast height in the north, but may grow twice that large in southern bottomlands.
Form: usually develops long, clean trunk and an oval to rounded top.
Buds: can often be ID-ed by the presence of large buds sitting on top of the leaf-stem junction.
Leaf scar: When leaves are missing, can be ID-ed by the flat-topped leaf scar with bud sitting just above it.
Twigs: smooth and hairless.
Bark: silver-gray; bark pattern quite variable, from a diamond-shaped, laced pattern with narrow, winding, flat-topped ridges and scalloped valleys to an alligator-back pattern of square, flat-topped plates that are separated vertically by deep cracks and horizontally by shallow cross cracks. Sometimes both bark patterns will be present on the same tree. The trees consistently have a cream-colored inner bark that is easily exposed by breaking off the surface bark. From a distance, the surface of the trunk on all but the largest Green Ash trees looks very tight and uniformly flat on top, regardless of the pattern displayed.
Leaves: opposite, compound, blue-green, 8-12" long
Leaflets: 3-7 leaflets per leaf; 2-5" long, with fine- or shallow-toothed edges.
Seeds: Single-winged seeds, with wing edges extending up the sides; grow in clusters; mature in fall
Features: Green Ash wood is harvested and sold as white ash on the commercial market. It is also widely planted as a shade tree and for reclamation in a wide variety of soils. Some taxonomists treat Green Ash and Red Ash as one species, calling Red Ash the hairy form of Green Ash.
Natural Range: Green Ash is a bottomland tree that grows naturally along river bottoms and in low, damp areas throughout the eastern US.

Leaves 67

Opposite, compound, 15 - 20 centimetres (8 - 12 inches) long composed of 7 - 9 short-stalked, lance-shaped, coarse-toothed, leaflets 10 - 15 centimetres (4 - 6 inches) long, borne in pairs.

Leaves 67

Opposite, compound, 15 - 20 centimetres (8 - 12 inches) long composed of 7 - 9 short-stalked, lance-shaped, coarse-toothed, leaflets 10 - 15 centimetres (4 - 6 inches) long, borne in pairs.

NWF Guide 68

Also called: Green Ash, Red Ash, Swamp Ash
HT: 60-70'
DIA: 1.5-2'
Form: Medium-sized tree. Tall trunk; compact crown.
Bark: Bark fissures make diamond pattern.
ID TIP: This species is very similar to White Ash, making identification difficult. The leaf buds sit above a leaf scar that is nearly straight across (not U-shaped), and the leafstalks of the 2 basal leaflets on each leaf have flattened edges, or "wings" (absent in White Ash).
HABITAT: Seasonally flooded forests along streams, swamps. Elevation to 3,000'.
NOTES: Green Ash has the widest and most northerly range of North America's ashes. Hardy, fast-growing, and resistant to wind and floods, the species is commonly planted as a street and shelterbelt tree, and used to revegetate strip-mine sites.
Leaf: 6-10" long; 7 (sometimes 5 or 9) leaflets.
Leaflet: 3-5" long, 1-1.5" wide; short-stalked; elliptic, with pointed tip; margins may be sparsely toothed above the middle. Glossy, bright green above; hairless or covered with fine, pale or reddish hairs beneath.
Flower: Purplish. Early spring.
Fruit: 1.25 - 2.25" long samara; narrowly obovate; wing extends from middle of narrow, cylindrical seed (much narrower than in White Ash). Late summer-autumn.

NWF Guide 68

Also called: Green Ash, Red Ash, Swamp Ash
HT: 60-70'
DIA: 1.5-2'
Form: Medium-sized tree. Tall trunk; compact crown.
Bark: Bark fissures make diamond pattern.
ID TIP: This species is very similar to White Ash, making identification difficult. The leaf buds sit above a leaf scar that is nearly straight across (not U-shaped), and the leafstalks of the 2 basal leaflets on each leaf have flattened edges, or "wings" (absent in White Ash).
HABITAT: Seasonally flooded forests along streams, swamps. Elevation to 3,000'.
NOTES: Green Ash has the widest and most northerly range of North America's ashes. Hardy, fast-growing, and resistant to wind and floods, the species is commonly planted as a street and shelterbelt tree, and used to revegetate strip-mine sites.
Leaf: 6-10" long; 7 (sometimes 5 or 9) leaflets.
Leaflet: 3-5" long, 1-1.5" wide; short-stalked; elliptic, with pointed tip; margins may be sparsely toothed above the middle. Glossy, bright green above; hairless or covered with fine, pale or reddish hairs beneath.
Flower: Purplish. Early spring.
Fruit: 1.25 - 2.25" long samara; narrowly obovate; wing extends from middle of narrow, cylindrical seed (much narrower than in White Ash). Late summer-autumn.

National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees: Eastern Region 68

Also called: Swamp Ash, Water Ash

Tree with dense, rounded or irregular crown of shiny green foliage.
Height: 60'
Diameter: 1.5'
Leaves: opposite, pinnately compound; 6-10" long
Leaflets: 5 - 9 (usually 7) per leaf; 2 - 5" long, 1 - 1.25" wide; paired (except at end); lance-shaped or ovate; coarsely saw-toothed or almost without teeth; mostly hairless. Shiny green above, green or paler and slightly hairy beneath; turning yellow in autumn.
Bark: gray; furrowed into scaly ridges, with reddish inner layer.
Twigs: Green, becoming gray and hairless; slender.
Flowers: 1/8 " long; greenish; without corolla; in small clusters of many flowers each; before leaves in early spring. Male and female flowers on separate trees.
Fruit: 1.25 - 2.25" long; yellowish key with narrow wing extending nearly to base of narrow body; hanging in clusters; maturing in late summer and autumn.
Habitat: Moist alluvial soils along streams in floodplain forests.
Range: SE. Alberta east to Cape Brenton Island; south to N. Florida, west to Texas; to 3000' in southern Appalachians.
Notes/uses: One of the most successful hardwoods in the Great Plains shelterbelts, hardy, fast-growing Green Ash is also planted on spoil banks after strip mining, as well as for shade.

National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees: Eastern Region 68

Also called: Swamp Ash, Water Ash

Tree with dense, rounded or irregular crown of shiny green foliage.
Height: 60'
Diameter: 1.5'
Leaves: opposite, pinnately compound; 6-10" long
Leaflets: 5 - 9 (usually 7) per leaf; 2 - 5" long, 1 - 1.25" wide; paired (except at end); lance-shaped or ovate; coarsely saw-toothed or almost without teeth; mostly hairless. Shiny green above, green or paler and slightly hairy beneath; turning yellow in autumn.
Bark: gray; furrowed into scaly ridges, with reddish inner layer.
Twigs: Green, becoming gray and hairless; slender.
Flowers: 1/8 " long; greenish; without corolla; in small clusters of many flowers each; before leaves in early spring. Male and female flowers on separate trees.
Fruit: 1.25 - 2.25" long; yellowish key with narrow wing extending nearly to base of narrow body; hanging in clusters; maturing in late summer and autumn.
Habitat: Moist alluvial soils along streams in floodplain forests.
Range: SE. Alberta east to Cape Brenton Island; south to N. Florida, west to Texas; to 3000' in southern Appalachians.
Notes/uses: One of the most successful hardwoods in the Great Plains shelterbelts, hardy, fast-growing Green Ash is also planted on spoil banks after strip mining, as well as for shade.

Occurrence 67

Common along river banks throughout central and southern Manitoba.

Occurrence 67

Common along river banks throughout central and southern Manitoba.

Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees 68

Habitat: Lowland tree
Leaflets: stalked (mostly short-stalked) and narrowly winged (use lens). 5-9 per leaf, green on both sides, toothed or not.
Twigs: hairless or velvety
Buds:brownishTrunk bark: tight and closely furrowed.
Leaves: 10 - 12"
Height: 60 - 70'
Diameter: 2 - 3'
Flowers: April-May
Fruits: Narrow, wedge-shaped, not winged to base
Seed: plump but very slender, narrowly pointed at both ends, often nearly needlelike at the base; Sept. - Oct.
SIMILAR SPECIES: White Ash is an upland species with leaves pale beneath, leaf scars notched, leaflet stalks not winged, and fruits with shorter, wider seeds, blunt at one or both ends.
Remarks: Green Ash was formerly classified as a hairless variety of Red Ash. Now the two have been combined.

Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees 68

Habitat: Lowland tree
Leaflets: stalked (mostly short-stalked) and narrowly winged (use lens). 5-9 per leaf, green on both sides, toothed or not.
Twigs: hairless or velvety
Buds:brownishTrunk bark: tight and closely furrowed.
Leaves: 10 - 12"
Height: 60 - 70'
Diameter: 2 - 3'
Flowers: April-May
Fruits: Narrow, wedge-shaped, not winged to base
Seed: plump but very slender, narrowly pointed at both ends, often nearly needlelike at the base; Sept. - Oct.
SIMILAR SPECIES: White Ash is an upland species with leaves pale beneath, leaf scars notched, leaflet stalks not winged, and fruits with shorter, wider seeds, blunt at one or both ends.
Remarks: Green Ash was formerly classified as a hairless variety of Red Ash. Now the two have been combined.

Summary 76

Distinguishing Features: Single-winged seeds in sparse clusters, leaflets green on both sides

Shape: 60 to 70 feet tall, oval with an upright crown
Branching: Opposite
Leaf: Compound, 5-9 oval leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long, medium green, yellow fall color
Flower: Green to red-purple flowers
Bark: Gray-brown bark develops distinctive diamond-shaped furrows with age
Fruit or Seed: Samaras are 1 to 2 inches long and narrow, from green to tan

Source URL:
http://phillytreemap.org/
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/

Summary 76

Distinguishing Features: Single-winged seeds in sparse clusters, leaflets green on both sides

Shape: 60 to 70 feet tall, oval with an upright crown
Branching: Opposite
Leaf: Compound, 5-9 oval leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long, medium green, yellow fall color
Flower: Green to red-purple flowers
Bark: Gray-brown bark develops distinctive diamond-shaped furrows with age
Fruit or Seed: Samaras are 1 to 2 inches long and narrow, from green to tan

Source URL:
http://phillytreemap.org/
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/

Traditional Indigenous Names 67

Cree: Askátik
Ojibwe: Sagima’kwun Aagimaak
Dakota: Pse khti chan to
Michif: Li frenn vayr

Traditional Indigenous Names 67

Cree: Askátik
Ojibwe: Sagima’kwun Aagimaak
Dakota: Pse khti chan to
Michif: Li frenn vayr

Twigs 67

Opposite, stout, smooth; lenticels brown, linear, common. Terminal bud reddish-brown, about 3 - 8 millimetres (1/4 inch) long with two prominent lateral scales, not hairy; lateral buds smaller. Leaf scars horseshoe-shaped with about 18 bundle scars in a single row with same contour as leaf scar.

Twigs 67

Opposite, stout, smooth; lenticels brown, linear, common. Terminal bud reddish-brown, about 3 - 8 millimetres (1/4 inch) long with two prominent lateral scales, not hairy; lateral buds smaller. Leaf scars horseshoe-shaped with about 18 bundle scars in a single row with same contour as leaf scar.

Uses 66

Hardwood. Would be of lesser quality than the green ash, but used in similar ways (tools, musical instruments, skis, etc.).

Uses 66

Hardwood. Would be of lesser quality than the green ash, but used in similar ways (tools, musical instruments, skis, etc.).

Fontes e Créditos

  1. (c) Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, USA, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_leaf.jpg
  2. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107486573/
  3. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107486147/
  4. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5108083418/
  5. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107487183/
  6. (c) migratorycoconut, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/migratorycoconut/2874435416/
  7. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107489733/
  8. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107491037/
  9. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5108087586/
  10. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107490717/
  11. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107491331/
  12. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5108087120/
  13. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107489533/
  14. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5107485857/
  15. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/4634156007/
  16. (c) amy_buthod, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/akbuthod/7860720564/
  17. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/4634757034/
  18. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/4634154939/
  19. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/4634153875/
  20. (c) Helen Graham, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/glowingz/4061720786/
  21. (c) Helen Graham, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/glowingz/4061731440/
  22. (c) Helen Graham, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/glowingz/4061691340/
  23. (c) Ryan Hodnett, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/ryanhodnett/44202261391/
  24. (c) Tuija Sonkkila, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/dadaa/49922894841/
  25. (c) Tuija Sonkkila, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/dadaa/49923198967/
  26. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20392105641/
  27. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/19765031263/
  28. (c) Tom Potterfield, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/tgpotterfield/11525365394/
  29. (c) Tom Potterfield, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/tgpotterfield/11525375144/
  30. (c) Tom Potterfield, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/tgpotterfield/11525434593/
  31. (c) Tom Potterfield, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/tgpotterfield/7245768356/
  32. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20197906620/
  33. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20199316579/
  34. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20377382282/
  35. (c) Bob Gutowski, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/versicolor/5091157730/
  36. (c) Suzanne Cadwell, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/scadwell/8859483424/
  37. (c) Suzanne Cadwell, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/scadwell/8859489908/
  38. (c) Bob Gutowski, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/versicolor/4430678344/
  39. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20359723006/
  40. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/20359719026/
  41. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/19763313814/
  42. (c) Suzanne Cadwell, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/scadwell/10627917355/
  43. (c) Bruce Kirchoff, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/brucekirchoff/19763300484/
  44. (c) cassi saari, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by cassi saari
  45. (c) Erik Danielsen, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Erik Danielsen
  46. (c) Dwayne Estes, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Dwayne Estes
  47. (c) Joseph D Kurtz, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Joseph D Kurtz
  48. (c) Thomas Koffel, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), uploaded by Thomas Koffel
  49. (c) Jared Gorrell, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Jared Gorrell
  50. (c) Beatriz Moisset, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alsophila_pometaria_caterpillar._Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg
  51. (c) Kenraiz, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_penn_IM000547.JPG
  52. anonymous, sem restrições de direitos de autor conhecidas (domínio público), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg
  53. U.S. Geological Survey, sem restrições de direitos de autor conhecidas (domínio público), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.png
  54. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107485857).jpg
  55. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107486147).jpg
  56. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107486573).jpg
  57. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107487183).jpg
  58. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107489533).jpg
  59. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107489733).jpg
  60. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107490717).jpg
  61. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107491037).jpg
  62. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5107491331).jpg
  63. (c) Matt Lavin, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_(5108083418).jpg
  64. Adaptado por Tricia LeBlanc de uma obra de (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica
  65. (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica
  66. (c) Alice Roy-Bolduc, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1378110
  67. (c) Manitoba Forestry, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/873089
  68. (c) laura1618, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/939799
  69. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1175476
  70. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1175429
  71. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1169367
  72. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1164659
  73. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1169529
  74. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1169483
  75. (c) Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/1162762
  76. (c) earthwatchtrees, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/228261

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