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Gadwall

Mareca strepera

Summary 44

The gadwall (Mareca strepera) is a common and widespread dabbling duck in the family Anatidae.

Behaviour 45

The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as prairie or steppe lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks. This is a fairly quiet species; the male has a hoarse whistling call, and the female has a mallard-like quack. The young birds are fed insects at first; adults also eat some molluscs and insects during the nesting season. The gadwall is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Conservation 45

Currently, the gadwall is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the mallard and green-winged teal), with 1.7 million shot each year.

Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups Ducks Unlimited, Delta Waterfowl Foundation and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.

Description 45

The gadwall is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long with a 78–90 cm (31–35 in) wingspan. The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g (35 oz) against her 850 g (30 oz). The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white speculum, obvious in flight or at rest. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.

The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white speculum, and white belly. Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.

The gadwall is a quieter duck, except during its courtship display. Females give a call similar to the quack of a female mallard but higher-pitched, transcribed as gag-ag-ag-ag. Males give a grunt, transcribed as nheck, and a whistle.

Distribution 45

The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic, and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the Saint Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Dakotas, south to Kansas, west to California, and along coastal PacificCanada and southern coastal Alaska. The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This dabbling duck is strongly migratory, and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal Alaska, south into Central America, and east into Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and then south all the way into Central America.

In Great Britain, the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization to Great Britain, with continental birds staying to breed in Scotland. It has been reported in the River Avon in Hampshire and Wiltshire. In Ireland a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on Wexford in the south and Lough Neagh in the north.

Gallery 45

Nest lined with feathers

Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden

Juvenile, Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario

Female and male, WWT London Wetland Centre, Barnes

Three males and two females resting

Summary 46

The gadwall (Mareca strepera) is a common and widespread dabbling duck in the family Anatidae.

Taxonomy 45

The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. DNA studies have shown that it is a sister species with the falcated duck; the two are closely related to the three species of wigeons, and all of them have been assigned to the genus Mareca. There are two subspecies:

The specific name strepera is Late Latin for "noisy". The etymology of the word gadwall is not known, but the name has been in use since 1666.

Fontes e Créditos

  1. (c) Greg Lasley, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Greg Lasley
  2. (c) Becky Matsubara, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/beckymatsubara/46727530331/
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  4. (c) Nick Athanas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/antpitta/50427595267/
  5. (c) a-giau, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/a-giau/25796865497/
  6. (c) Nick Athanas, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/antpitta/50426724513/
  7. (c) Becky Matsubara, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/beckymatsubara/38211200576/
  8. (c) Tom Benson, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/40928097@N07/49244918393/
  9. (c) Blondinrikard Fröberg, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/blondinrikard/49384146862/
  10. (c) Bengt Nyman, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/bnsd/50835341647/
  11. (c) Marc, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/mab_20xx/49700962003/
  12. (c) Ouwesok, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/95975006@N08/44793432602/
  13. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/24930924920/
  14. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/25226524215/
  15. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/8084067868/
  16. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/25226518605/
  17. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/47059358144/
  18. (c) Mary Keim, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/38514062@N03/49147999291/
  19. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/25133339341/
  20. (c) Donald Hobern, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/dhobern/38807905980/
  21. (c) Andrew Reding, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/seaotter/24931419250/
  22. (c) Gertjan van Noord, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/gertjanvannoord/49794341501/
  23. (c) Tom Murray, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/tmurray74/50780086828/
  24. (c) Ronald van der Graaf, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY), https://www.flickr.com/photos/ronaldc5/24251370027/
  25. (c) David A. Hofmann, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-ND), https://www.flickr.com/photos/23326361@N04/4050659128/
  26. (c) Hennie Cuper, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/hj_cuper/40529178623/
  27. (c) Jon Cox, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/154347912@N05/46879505984/
  28. (c) az3, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/ameetzaveri/8330708005/
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  31. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/29663937984/
  32. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/29663935534/
  33. (c) Mary Keim, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/38514062@N03/46052099262/
  34. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/26271158638/
  35. (c) Alan Vernon, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/alanvernon/49069328917/
  36. (c) Janet Hill, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/45055378@N00/48156765812/
  37. (c) Janet Hill, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/45055378@N00/48156765662/
  38. (c) Janet Hill, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/45055378@N00/48156765587/
  39. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/23280914671/
  40. (c) az3, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.flickr.com/photos/ameetzaveri/8331764282/
  41. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/9536453468/
  42. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/9533667013/
  43. (c) J. Maughn, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-NC), https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmaughn/12872768204/
  44. Adaptado por Tricia LeBlanc de uma obra de (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28106966
  45. (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadwall
  46. (c) Wikipedia, alguns direitos reservados (CC BY-SA), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareca_strepera

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