Taxonomic notes: Section empty

This species has been recorded from many localities on Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque and Polillo Islands, in the northern Philippines.

This species inhabits streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests, and is also found in forest edge and agricultural areas near intact natural forests.

It is common in appropriate habitats, but has declined in places due to over-harvesting.

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The major threats to this species include habitat loss, due to expanding agriculture, logging and human settlements, and the pollution of streams and rivers. Harvesting by local people is also a threat.

• 2.3.3 Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
• 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
• 5.1.1 Intentional use (species is the target)
• 1.1 Housing & urban areas
• 2.1.2 Small-holder farming
• 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation
• 1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
• 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming
• 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
• 9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

The range of this species includes a few protected areas. Conservation measures must include the regulation and proper disposal of pesticides and herbicides, and the protection of the remaining rainforest, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests. Levels of human exploitation of this species need to be investigated to determine if harvesting from the wild needs to be managed more sustainably.

• 1.1 Site/area protection
• 2.1 Site/area management
• 3.1.1 Harvest management
• 2.3 Habitat & natural process restoration

Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, and over-harvesting for food, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

• Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. 1985. Philippine Amphibians: An Illustrated Field Guide. Bookmark Press, Makati City, Philippines.
• Dubois, A. 1992. Notes sur la clasification des Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon: 305-352.
• Emerson, S.E., Inger, R.F. and Iskandar, D. 2000. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the fanged frogs of southeast Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: 131-142.
• Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.
• Inger, R.F. 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology: 1-402.
• Inger, R.F. 1999. Distributions of amphibians in southern Asia and adjacent islands. In: W.E. Duellman (ed.), Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: A Global Perspective, pp. 445-482. John Hopkins University Press.